The Aztecs simplistic crop-enhancing Essay Example for Free

The Aztecs simplistic crop-enhancing Essay The main supply for food for the Aztecs were agriculture and farming. They rely mainly on the crops for every season; they grow, produce and consume food and this is how they get their daily food. Terracing Indicating the societal complexity of the Aztecs, the farming technique known as terracing is complicated and elaborate. They used terracing in the hilly areas and built walls, forming terraces into the sides of the hills. These stone walls ran parallel to the contour of the slope and rainfall washed compost vegetation and nutrients from the hills above. Terracing opened up previously unusable land for farming. Irrigation Because the Aztecs built extensive canal and water-diverting systems, irrigation farming became popular and productive. With water readily available, the Aztecs could enhance the growing season by irrigating the fields prior to planting, strengthen their crops by augmenting the rainfall with additional watering, and lengthen the farming season by irrigating long after the rains had stopped. Chinampas Also know to the Aztecs as floating gardens, chinampas were pieces of land created by piling up alternating layers of compost vegetation and mud from the lake bottom, in the shallow marshy parts of the lakes. Initially the 30 feet by 330 feet chinampas were held in place by man-made posts, but eventually these fertile farming patches stayed secured by the roots of nearby willow trees. Once the mud and vegetation piled up higher than the water level, the plot was ready for cultivation. The crop yield from chinampas was so prolific and expedient, farmers began growing, not only for themselves, but for marketing out to others. Rainfall Cultivation The Aztecs most basic and simplistic crop-enhancing technique, called rainfall cultivation, involved fallowing the fields. They left farming plots empty to collect itself and become nutritionally enhanced by rainfall. This process is the least labor intensive form of farming, but the Aztecs eventually cast it aside following the population boom and the need for larger, more productive crops.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Marriage in The Wife of Baths Pro

Marriage in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale The disparity in the outcomes of the hag's marriage and Alison's marriages in Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" depends in part on the women's differing expectations of their husbands. The hag's modus agendi depends on a knight's obligation to honour his pledge, whereas Alison's modus operandi depends on her husbands' conduct after marriage, i.e. on her circumstances. Having saved the knight's life, the hag asks the knight to permit her to be his wife. Moreover, she wants to be his love. The knight must marry, since marrying the hag lies within his might. Since the hag's definition of being his wife includes her loving him, he is duty-bound to tolerate the hag's love. Her love for him requires he show compassion to her. Perforce of her line of reasoning of the advantages of being married to her, he accepts her sovereignty to have her will. The chains of her enchantment broken, the hag turns beautiful in the knight's eyes. He falls in love with her, and she rea lizes the right to rule in he...

Criminal Acts and Choice Theories

Criminal Acts and Choice Theories CJA/204 December 13, 2011 Bob Bennett The choice theory has a substantial part to perform when contemplating the argumentation proceeding to criminal vivacity. The choice theory has its intrinsic significance while composing a plan of action for managing or decreasing crime. It is essential to recognize the theory and in what way or manner it influences the potential of an individual engaging in lawlessness and in what manner would an effort to manage crime appear supporting the choice theory. The choice theory has been brought to light from the compositions of antecedent theorists, Jeremy Bentham, and Cesare Beccaria. The affects of the choice theory determines how mankind discourages criminal activity (Schmallager, 2009). Within criminology the choice theory is also distinguished as the classical theory. The principle idea of the classical theory is that individuals cull behavior with the addition of criminal conduct. Individual powers of selection can be managed by multiple determinants such as the apprehension of castigation or the benefits achieved by committing a crime or illegal activities, which indicates that the more harsh, definite, and prompt the punishment, the better the chances to manage criminal conduct. The choice theory mentions that castigation should maintain four predominant ambitions. The first ambition is to use punishment to hamper criminal activity from occurring. A secondary principle maintains that when a crime cannot be hindered, the punishment should impel the offender to perpetrate a minor crime instead. The third ambition is to make certain that the offender applies no more violence than needed during a crime. The final objective is to counter crime as economically feasible. Rational choice is the judgment to perform a distinct kind of lawlessness or illegal activity established on the careful consideration of accessible information, combined with the element of personal judgment. The ational choice theory contains an outlook of crime that continues to be both offense and offender explicit. Offense-explicit lawlessness relates to crimes, where perpetrators will respond to selective attributes of specific offenses. Offender-explicit offenses relate to the reality that perpetrators are not easily provoked individuals who obligate him or her selves to antisocial behavior. Rather, he or she deliberate about whether they retain the prerequisi tes required for performing a lawless act that include their needs, ingenuity, talents, and apprehension level before determining to act out a crime. Choice theorists believe that criminal conduct is a personality characteristic and crime is a happening or event. Offenders recognize the freedom of mobility and privation of social restrictions. In contrast to other individuals, offender-explicit individuals have diminished self-control and seen unaffected by the intimidation of social controls. He or she is usually dealing with stress or is commonly confronted with severe personal complications or circumstances that drive them to adopt perilous behavior (Schmallager, 2009). Choice theorists have also examined the choice to perform a lawless act, regardless of its element, is contrived by the choice of location. The determination will rely upon the features of the mark and the methods available to execute the plan. It has been determined that offenders choose the location by the accessibility and ease of committing a crime with thoughts about the possibility of getting caught. Offenders pick their targets by pondering the character of the crime. A perfect example of this is how offenders will choose higher class households for burglaries or robberies, whereas he or she will select lower class households for the target of violent crimes such as in drug robberies from drug houses. Criminals learn the techniques of crimes to aid them in non-detection (Schmallager, 2009). Routine activities can be defined by the choice theory when discussing crime. Crimes rates correlate to the number of inspired criminals such as male teenagers, drug consumers, and unemployed individuals who partake in criminal activity. Most offenders commit crimes based on his or her narrow education, background, and lack of opportunities because of their education. If offenders were given the opportunities to improve themselves, he or she would not commit crimes. The rational choice theory includes the organization of crime and the molding of criminality (Schmallager, 2009). Society uses a couple of common models to decide which acts are determined to be criminal acts. The two models within the criminal justice system are consensus model and conflict model. Consensus model is defined as majority of individuals in a society who share the same values and beliefs. Criminal acts conflict with consensus values and beliefs, and here the term ‘conflict model’ comes into play. The consensus model explains that individuals within a society will agree on which activities should be considered against the law and will publish them as crimes. The consensus model assumes that a diverse group of individuals can have similar morals and beliefs. The consensus model presumes that when individuals stand together to form a society; the members will come to a fundamental agreement with the observance of shared norms, values, and beliefs. Individuals whose actions deviate from the standard norms and recognized values, and beliefs are considered to be a threat to the well-being of society, and must be punished. Societies pass laws to control and impede deviant behavior, which in return establishes boundaries for appropriate behavior within the society (Schmallager, 2009). The conflict model establishes those who reject consensus on the foundation that morals, norms, ideas, values, or behaviors are not absolute, meaning, multiple parts of society hold different ideas about value and norm systems. The conflict model carries diverse segments, which are separated into age, social class, race, and income. Those who engage in the idea of the conflict model are in a constantly struggling with one another for control of society. Those who successfully grasp control make the laws with his or her value system, and determine what is criminal and what is not (Schmallager, 2009). Resources; Schmallager, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J. Pearson/Prentice Hall

The Natural Harmony of Organic Architecture

Organic Architecture is a term that American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) used to describe his environmentally integrated approach to architectural design. Organic architecture strives to unify space, to blend interiors and exteriors, and create a harmonic built environment that is not separate or dominant from nature but part of a unified whole. Wrights own homes, Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin and Taliesin West in Arizona, exemplify the architects theories of organic architecture and lifestyle. Early Elements of Organic Architecture The philosophy behind the organic movement emerged in response to design precepts espoused by Wrights mentor and fellow architect, Louis Sullivan. While Sullivan believed that form follows function, Wright argued that form and function are one. Author Jà ³sean Figueroa theorizes that Wrights vision likely grew out of his exposure to the American Transcendentalism of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Wright was not concerned with a single, unified architectural style per se, because he believed that every building should grow naturally from its environment. Nevertheless, architectural elements found in the Prairie School—overhanging eaves, clerestory windows, one-story rambling open floor plans—are elements that recur in many of Wrights designs. The unifying force behind Wrights architectural vision for private homes (as opposed to designs for commercial structures) is to achieve a harmonious balance with the building site, be it desert or prairie. Spring Green, a structure Wright designed that now serves as Taliesins visitors center is formed like a bridge or a dock on the Wisconsin River; the roofline of Taliesin West follows the Arizona hills, stepping in downward paths toward desert pools that are almost liquid in appearance. Definition of Organic Architecture A philosophy of architectural design, emerging in the early 20th cent., asserting that in structure and appearance a building should be based on organic forms and should harmonize with its natural environment. —From Dictionary of Architecture and Construction Famous Examples of Wrights Organic Architecture The name Taliesin is a nod to Wrights Welsh ancestry. While the Druid Taliesin appears in Arturian legend as a member of King Arthurs Round Table, according to Wright, in the Welsh language, Taliesin means shining brow. Taliesin was so named because its built like a brow on the edge of the hill, not on top of the hill itself. I believe you should never build on top of anything directly, Wright explained. If you build on top of the hill, you lose the hill. If you build on one side of the top, you have the hill and the eminence that you desire... Taliesin is a brow like that. Both Taliesin properties are organic because their designs adapt to the environment. Horizontal lines mimic the horizontal range of hills and shorelines. The sloping rooflines mimic the slope of the land. Fallingwater, a private home nestled on top of a hillside stream in Mill Run, Pennsylvania, is arguably Wrights best-known creation and the one most closely identified with the organic movement. By employing modern steel and glass materials in its cantilevered construction, Wright gave Fallingwater the appearance of smooth concrete stones skipping along the Bear Run waterfalls. Six miles south of Fallingwater, Kentuck Knob is another example of Wrights commitment to fusing natural and manmade elements in the creation of his designs. Close-set to the ground, the roof of the modular one-story octagonal home appears almost as if its rising out of the hillside, a natural part of the forest floor, while the native sandstone and tidewater red cypress from which the structure is built blend seamlessly into the surrounding landscape.   Modernist Approaches to Organic Design In the last half of the 20th century, Modernist architects took the concept of organic architecture to new heights. By using new forms of concrete and cantilever trusses, designers were able to create swooping arches without visible beams or pillars. Modern organic buildings are neither linear or rigidly geometric. Instead, their characteristic wavy lines and curved shapes suggest natural forms. While also imbued with a sense of surrealism, Parque Gà ¼ell and many other works by Spanish architect Antoni Gaudà ­ are considered organic. Other classic examples of modernist approaches to organic architecture include the Sydney Opera House by Danish architect Jà ¸rn Utzon and the Dulles International Airport with its swooping, wing-like roofs from Finnish architect Eero Saarinen. While embracing some past concepts of the organic movement, the modernist approach is less concerned with integrating architecture within the surrounding environment. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava built at Ground Zero on the site of the original Twin Towers has been cited by some as a modernist approach to organic architecture. According to a 2017 story in Architectural Digest, The white-winged Oculus is an organic form in the center of a new complex of towers, and memorial pools, at the sites of the two that fell in 2001. Frank Lloyd Wright Quotes on Organic Design Houses should not be boxes set together row on row. If a house is to be architecture, it must become a natural part of the landscape. The land is the simplest form of architecture. So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal and the teaching so much needed if we are to see the whole of life, and to now serve the whole of life, holding no traditions essential to the great TRADITION. Nor cherishing any preconceived form fixing upon us either past, present or future–but instead, exalting the simple laws of common sense—or of super-sense if you prefer—determining form by way of the nature of materials...—From An Organic Architecture Sources Figueroa, Jà ³sean. The Philosophy of Organic Architecture.  CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014Hess, Alan (text); Weintraub, Alan (photography); Organic Architecture: The Other Modernism. Gibbs-Smith, 2006Pearson, David. New Organic Architecture: The Breaking Wave, pp. 21, 41. University of California Press, 2001Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New American Library, Horizon Press, 1953Dictionary of Architecture and Construction edited by Cyril M. Harris, pp. 340-341. McGraw-Hill, 1975Fazzare, Elizabeth. Santiago Calatrava Explains How He Designed the Oculus For Future Generations in Architectural Digest (online), October 24, 2017